Apêndice:Reconstruções proto-tupi

Reconstruções do Proto-Tupí, Proto-Tuparí, Proto-Mundurukú, Proto-Mawé-Guaraní e Proto-Tupí-Guaraní (Nikulin 2020):

glosa	Proto-Tupí	Proto-Tuparí	Makuráp	Proto-Tuparí Nuclear	Karitiána	Proto-Mundurukú	Proto-Mawé-Guaraní	Sateré-Mawé	Proto-Tupí-Guaraní
semente, rosto	*jupa	*jopa	copa ‘grão’	—	sypo ‘olho, semente’	*ðópa ‘rosto’	—	—	—
morrer.PL	*paP	*paP	paP ‘esturricar’	*paP	pop	—	*paP	paP	*paP
pé	*py/*mby	*mbi	mbi	*βi(-to)	pi	*i	*py/*mby	py/my	*py/*mby
interior	*py	*pi	pi	*pi	(?) pi-p	*pi ‘boca’	*py	—	*py
fígado	*py(-)ʔa/*mb-	*piʔa	pia	*piʔa	—	*pia̰	*pyʔa/*mbyʔa	pyʔa/myʔa	*pyʔa/*mbyʔa
filho de mulher	*mẽpyT	*mẽpiT	mẽpiT	*mẽpiT	—	—	*mẽpyT	mẽmbyT	*mẽmbyT
sentado	*apyK	*epiK	—	*epiK	(?) mbik	*(ʔ)ábik	*apyK	(ʔ)apyK	*(w-)apyK
mão	*po/*mbo	*mbo	mbo	*βo	py	*py	*po/*mbo	po/mo	*po/*mbo
pele, casca	*pe	*pe	pe	*pe	pa	—	*pe	pe	*pe
caminho (abs.)	*pe	*pe	pe	*pe	pa	*e	*pe	—	*pe
caminho (rel.)	*jape	*(j)aːpe		*(ʔ)aːpe			*tsape		*-rape
ovo	*(j)upi(-ʔa)	*jopiʔa	copia	*opiʔa	sypi	*ðopia̰	*(ts)upiʔa	(s)upiʔa	*-rupiʔa
cupim	*ŋguP-~*ŋgupi-	*ŋgoP-	ŋgowa	*ŋgoPʔi	ŋgypy	*kópiã̰	*ŋgupi-	ŋupiʔa	*kupiʔi
rosto, testa	*jəba	*jeba	cepa ‘testa’	*eβa ‘olho’	—	—	*tsoβa	—	*toβa ‘rosto’
esposo	*mẽT	*mẽT	—	*mẽT	mãn	—	*mẽT	—	*mẽT
ir.PL	*waT	*waT	(?)waT ‘sempre’	*waT	hot	—	*waT	waT	—
chorar	*waK	*waK	—	*waK	hok ‘tocar violão’	(?) *wa	*waK	waK	—
machado	*wy	*wi	wi	*wi	hi	—	*wy	(?) ywy-haP	*jy
assar	*wyP	—	—	—	hip	—	*wyP ‘cozido’	wyP	*jyP
espinho	*wu	*woː	—	*woː	hy	—	*wu	hu	*ju
vermelho	*wuP	*woP	woP	*woP	—	—	*wuP	huP	*juP ‘amarelo’
pescoço	*wuT(-ꝁɯP)	*woT-kyP	woT-kyP	*woT-kyP	hyt-o	—	*uT(-ʔyP)	huT-ʔyP	*juT
assoprar	*wɯ	*wy	wy	—	he	—	—	—	—
mel, caba	*ewiT	*ewiT	—	*ewiT	eet (< *ahit)	*eit	*ewiT	—	*eiT
socar	*təK	*teK	—	—	tak	*cyk ‘quebrar’	*toK	toK	*tsoK
larva	*təK	*teK	—	*teK	ken-tak	—	*toK	—	*coK
mãe	*ty	*ti	ti	*ti	ti	*ci	*ty	ty/ny	*cy
lua	*waty	—	—	—	oti (< *hoti)	*waci	*wa(ː)ty	wa(ː)ty	*jacy
doer, dor	*(j)aty	*jati	cati	*asi	oti	—	*tsaty	saty	*tacy
pesado	*potyC	*poti	poti	*poti	pyti	*poci	*potyC	potyC	*potsyC
pegar, agarrar	*pytyK	—	—	—	pitik	—	*pytyk	pytyk	*pytsyK
ver	*tuP	*toP	to-a / toP	*toP	typ ‘achar’	*co (?)	*ẽnduP ‘ouvir’	wanẽnduP	*(-r)ẽnduP
banhar	*atu(K)	*ato	c-ato	*ato	oty	*(ʔ)áĵok	*atuK	—	*acuK
grande	*atu	*-ato	c-ato	*-ato	py-oty ‘dedão’	—	*-atu	(?) wato	*wacu, *-acu
veado	*ɯtɯɯ	*ytyː	yty	*ytyː	(?) nde	*ici	*ytyː	ytyː	—
queixada	*jaVte	*jaote	caote	*ðaote	sojca	*ða̰ĵe(ʔ)	—	—	—
sair	*tẽP	—	—	—	tãm ‘voar’	*cẽm	*tẽP	wẽẽ-tẽP	*cẽP
chegar	*atẽP				otãm	*(ʔ)áĵẽm	*atẽP		*w-acẽP
carapanã	*tiK	*tiK	—	*tiK	tik	*cik	—	—	—
fogo (abs.)	*atʲa	—	—	—	(?) iso		*atʲa	arja	*ata
fogo (rel.)	*j-atʲa					*ðáxa	*tsatʲa		*tata
amargo	*ndəP	*ndeP-	—	*ðeP-	taːp	*cyp	*ðoP	noP	*roP
morro	*ndo	*ndo	ndo-a	*ðo(ː)	—	*co-ʔa	—	—	—
arara (esp.)	*k(ʲ)aru	—	—	—	—	*káro	*karu	karu	—
boca	*wuru	(?) *worV-	(?) (w)ora-pi	—	—	—	*wuru	—	*juru
papagaio	*awuru	*aworo	—	*a(w)oro	—	*áro	*awuru	(?) awuru ‘besouro’	ajuru
olho	*(e-)ca	(?) *jija	cica	—	aso ‘rosto’	*(é)ta	*tse(T)ca	seha (3 i-há)	*tsetsa
pedra	*wyca	—	—	—	iso ‘p/ moer’	*wíta-ʔa	*wica	—	*ita
jacaré	*waco ~ *wacu	*waco	wato	*waco	osy (< *hosy)	—	—	—	—
mutum	*mỹcũ	*mĩcõ	mĩtõ	—	mbisỹ	*wítõ	*mỹcũ	myñũ	*mỹtũ
batata	*wecyK	—	—	—	—	*wécik	*wecyK	—	*jetyK
calcanhar	*pyCja	*pija-	—	*pia(-)ta	piːso	*ʔíða	*pyca	pya (< *pyha)	*pyta
raiz	*ja(-)po	—	—	—	—	*t-aby(ʔ)	*tsapo	sapo	*tapo
cabelo, pelo, pena	*jaP	*jaP	caP	*ðaP	sop	*ðap	*tsaP	saP	*-raP
aldeia	*jaP	*ja(ː)P	caP	*ðaːP	—	—	*tsaP	—	*taP
escorpião	*jaT	*jaT ‘cobra’	caT	*ðaT	—	*ðat	—	—	—
dente	*jãC	*jã(ː)C	ñãC	*jã(ː)C	ñõñ	*ðãj	*tsãC	ñãC	*tãC
folha	*jəP	*jeP	ceP	*ðeP	-sap	*ðyp	*tsoP	y-hoP	*toP
líquido, urina	*jɯ	*ji	—	*ði	se	*ði	*tsy ‘urina’	sy	*ty
tatu	*jaCju	*jajo	—	*ðaðo	sosy	*ða̰jðo(ʔ)	*tsacu	sahu	*tatu
respiração, vento	*pyCju	*-pijo	—	*-piðo	ñõpisy	*ka(ʔ)-bíðo	*pycu, *-βycu	—	*pytu, *y-βytu
pai	*cuP	*jo(ː)P	—	*ðo(ː)P	syp	*t-op ‘marido’	*tsuP	suP ‘esperma’	*tuP (3 *tuP)
bicho-de-pé	*jũK	*jõK	ñõK	—	—	*ðõŋ	*tsũK	ñũK	*tũK
nome	*jeT	*jeT	ceT	*ðeT	sat	—	*tseT	seT	*teT
fezes	*jṼT	*jẽ(ː)T	ñẽT	*jẽ(ː)T	ñĩn	*ðãn	*tsũT	ñũT	—
tucano	*jɯokãT	*jõkãT	ñõkãT	*jõkãT	nĵeʔokõn	*cokãn (<*cio-)	*tsũkãT	ñũ(K)kãT	*tũkãT
segurar	*k(ʲ)əK	—	—	—	kak	*kyk	*we-koK	—	*je-koK ‘apoiar’
jacu	*waku	*wako	wako-pẽP	*wako	—	*wako	*waku	—	*jaku
quente	*(j)aku(P)	*(j)akoP	—	*akoP	oky	*ðákʲip	*tsakuP	sakuP	*takuP
novo	*pakuP	*pakoP	—	*pakoP		—	*pakuP	pakuP	—
gordura	*kʲaP	*ʔaP	—	*ʔaP	—	*xep	*kaP	kaP	*kaP
língua	*kʲũ	*ʔõ	—	*ʔõ	—	*kõ	*kũ	(?) sẽŋgu	*kũ
não maduro	*kʲɯT	*ʔyT	—	*(ʔ)yT	ket	*kit	*kyT	ʔa-kyT	*kyT
dormir	*kʲeT	*ʔeT	eT	*ʔeT	kat	*xet, *kʲíĵ-ap ‘abrigo’	*keT	keT/ŋeT, ŋet-aP ‘moradia’	*keT
cair	*ꝁaT	*kaT	kaT ‘descer’	*kaT	ʔot	*ʔat	*ʔaT	ʔaT	*ʔaT
ingerir	*ꝁu	*ko	—	*ko	ʔy	*ʔo	*ʔu	u-ʔu	*ʔu
morder	*tuꝁu	*toko	—	*toko	—	—	*tuʔu	tuʔu	*coʔo
gongolo	*ꝁuT	*koT	(?) ŋgoT	*koT	(?) yr(-)o	*ʔut	*ʔuT	ʔuT	*ʔuT
árvore, pau	*ꝁɯP	*kyP	kyP	*kyP	ʔep	*ʔip	*ʔyP	arja-ʔyP	*ʔyP
filho	*ꝁɯT	*kyT	—	*kyT	ʔet	*ʔit	—	—	—
terra	*ꝁɯC, *ꝁɯC-py	*kyC	kyC	*kyC	ʔejejepi	—*ḭpi(ʔ)	*ʔyC, *(ʔ)yβy	ʔyC	*ʔyC, *(ʔ)yβy
vomitar	*ẽꝁẽT	*ẽkẽT	—	*ẽkẽT	—	—	*ẽʔẽT	*ñ-ẽʔẽT	*w-ẽʔẽT
galho	*jãŋã	*jãŋã	ñə̃ŋə̃	*ãŋã	ñõŋõ	*ðakã	*tsãŋã	jãŋã	*tãkã
caba	*ŋgaP	*ŋgaP	ŋgaP	*ŋgaP	ŋgop	—	*ŋgaP	ŋaP	*kaP
seio, peito	*ŋãP	*ŋẽP	ŋẽP	*ŋẽP	nõm	*kãm	*ŋãP	—	*kãm
roça	*ŋgə	*ŋge	ŋge	*ŋge	ŋga	*ky	*ŋgo	ko/ŋo	*ko
líquido	*ŋgɯ	*-ŋgy	—	*-ŋgy	ŋge ‘sangue’	—	—	—	—
piolho	*ŋgɯP	*ŋgyP	ŋgyP	*ŋgyP	ŋgep	*kip	*ŋgyP	ŋyP	*kyP
cabeça, fruto	*ʔa	*ʔa	a-	*ʔa	ʔo	*ʔa	*ʔa	ʔa	*ʔa
tubérculo	*ʔəK	*(ʔ)eK	—	*(ʔ)eK	—	*más-yk ‘mandioca’	*ʔoK	—	*ʔoK
urubu	*uruPʔu	*oroPʔo	—	*oroPʔo	—	*óropo	*uruβu	uruwu	*uruβu
asa, pena	*peP(ʔ)o	*pePʔo	—	*pePʔo	papy	—	*pepo	pepo	*pepo
pium	*mbiʔu ~ *piʔũ	*mbiʔo	mbio	*βiʔo	—	—	*piʔũ	—	*piʔũ
água	*ʔɯ, *ʔɯ-jɯ	*ʔy	yː	*ʔy-ŋgy, *ʔyː	e ‘chuva’, e-se ‘água’	*(ʔ)í-ði	*ʔy	y-ʔy, -ʔy-	*ʔy
b.-preguiça	*aʔi	—	—	—	oʔi	*a̰ j ~ *a̰ i	*aʔi	—	*aʔi
cauda, rabo	*juaC(-po)	*joaC	coaC	*owaC	sypoj	*t-oa̰j-by	*tsuaC(-po)	suwaC-po	*tuwaC
sol	*ŋgəaT	*ŋgeaT	ŋgeaT	*ŋgiaT ‘céu’	—	—	*ŋguaT	—	*kʷaT,*kʷar-atsy
flecha (abs.)	*ə-ꝁɯP	*e-kyP	e-kyP	*e-kyP	—	*op	*uʔyP	—	*uʔyP
flecha (rel.)	*j-ə-ꝁɯP	*je-kyP	ce-kyP			*ðop	*-tsuʔyP		*-ruʔyP
casa (abs.)	*əK	*eK	eK	*eK	—	*yK-ʔa	*oK	soK ‘ninho’	*oK
casa (rel.)	*j-əK	*jeK	ceK	*ðeK		*ðyK-ʔa	*tsoK		*-roK
eu	*u-/*ũT	*o-/*õT	o-/õT	*o-/*õT	y-/ỹn	*õn	*u-i-	uj-	*wi- ‘1SG.CRF’
dar	*ũP	*õP	õP	*õP	—	*ỹm	*ũP	ũP	—
sangue	*jəɯ	*jey	cey	*ey	—	*ðoj	*cuy	suː	*tuwy
tu	*e-/*ẽT	*e-/*ẽT	e-/ẽT	*e-/*ẽT	a-/ãn	*ẽn	*e-/*ẽT	e-/ẽT	*e- ‘2SG.CRF’
porta	*ək-ẽT	*ekẽT ‘praça’	—	*ekẽT	akãn ‘aldeia’	—	*okẽT	okẽT-ypy	*okẽT
carne	*(j)ẽT	*jẽT-ʔã	ñẽrə̃ ~ ñỹrə̃	*jẽT-ʔã	—	*ẽn	—	—	—